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The One Sword Style is, in general, a basic universal technique for the Mastery of Swordsmanship used in the One Piece series by Roronoa Zoro; "Ittoryu". Although famous primarily for his Three Sword Style, having the ability to fight proficiently with just one sword showed how capable and versatile he was as a swordsman. Since he is left-handed, most of the One Sword Style techniques were performed using his left hand, usually with his cherished Wado Ichimonji.
One of the most iconic One Sword Style techniques in Zoro's arsenal is "Shishi Sonson" and its improved version, "Shi Shishi Sonson." The techniques are fast and very destructive and are often used as finishers in important battles. More specifically, Lion's Song has been equated with the prowess of Zoro in mastering the One Sword Style.
Another well-known One Sword Style technique would be the Flying Slash Attack, which Zoro introduced to make a great striking option for long-range fighting. Viewers first saw this during Enel's Survival Game when Zoro used it against Braham. The Flying Slash Attack enables Zoro to project his cutting power to a far distance. By doing so, he increases his reach in battle and becomes much more versatile.
The One Sword Style isn't unique to Zoro in the One Piece world. One such style, for example, would be the "One Sword Style of the Flower," developed by Hyogoro himself, a legendary samurai from Wano Country. Much about this style is not revealed, but its very existence does prove that techniques with one sword are pretty diverse in the One Piece world.
Most of the time, the concept of One Sword Style for Zoro is based on his mindfulness and perception that goes beyond just physical skill. One such technique involves standing upright with the sheathed sword, listening for the "breath" from their opponents, then quickly drawing to strike. This way is one such manifestation of spiritual and perception abilities that make up the way of the sword that Zoro has learned through his journey.
While the One Sword Style may appear less flashy compared to Zoro's Two Sword or Three Sword forms, it has remained integral to his fighting repertoire. It is in this simplicity and focusing on just one blade that allows Zoro to channel so much power and precision into each strike. This makes the style effective, especially when Zoro needs to conserve energy or when he faces opponents that require a more focused approach.
Worth noting, Zoro's One Sword Style techniques have changed immensely throughout the series. His single-sword attacks have become stronger and complex as he fights more powerful enemies. It simply parallels the general development of Zoro into a swordsman en route to the top of being the greatest in the world.
In the broader view of Zoro's fighting style, one sword style acts as a sort of backbone that allows more complex techniques to be structured around it. Many of his Two Sword and Three Sword Style techniques borrow elements or concepts from his One Sword Style.
Not nearly used as much as his Three Sword Style techniques, such as the iconic "Oni Giri," Zoro's One Sword Style moves often come into play at integral moments in battle, showing off his adaptability for situations of being disarmed or conserving one's strength, or focusing power on just one lone blade.
Note that even though most of Zoro's powerful techniques are those using multiple swords, as was the case of "Billion-fold World Trichiliocosm," his One Sword Style is not something to be trifled with. These single-sword techniques could prove one's skill and depth in swordsmanship for the reason that true mastery is not really a question of quantity but, quite literally, quality in its execution.